A Preprocessing Framework for Underwater Image Denoising Essay

Abstract A major obstacle to underwater operations using cameras comes from the light absorption and scattering by the marine environment, which limits the visibility distance up to a few meters in coastal waters. The preprocessing methods concentrate on contrast equalization to deal with nonuniform lighting caused by the back scattering. Some adaptive smoothing methods like anisotropic filtering as a lengthy computation time and the fact that diffusion constants must be manually tuned, wavelet filtering is faster and automatic. An adaptive smoothing method helps to address the remaining sources of noise and can significantly improve edge detection. In the proposed approach, wavelet filtering method is used in which the diffusion constant is tuned automatically. Keywords: underwater image, preprocessing, edge detection, wavelet filtering, denoising. I. INTRODUCTION The underwater images usually suffers from non-uniform lighting, low contrast, blur and diminished colors. A few problems pertaining to underwater images are light absorption and the inherent structure of the sea, and also the effects of colour in underwater images. Reflection of the light varies greatly depending on the structure of the sea. Another main concern is related to the water that bends the light either to make crinkle patterns or to diffuse it. Most importantly, the quality of the water controls and influences the filtering properties of the water such as sprinkle of the dust in water. The reflected amount of light  is partly polarised horizontally and partly enters the water vertically. Light attenuation limits the visibility distance at about twenty meters in clear water and five meters or less in turbid water. Forward scattering generally leads to blur of the image features, backscattering generally limits the contrast of the images. The amount of light is reduced wh en we go deeper, colors drop off depending on their wavelengths. The blue color travels across the longest in the water due to its shortest  wavelength. Current preprocessing methods typically only concentrate on local contrast equalization in order to deal with the nonuniform lighting caused by the back scattering. II. UNDERWATER DEGRADATION A major difficulty to process underwater images comes from light attenuation. Light attenuation limits the visibility distance, at about twenty meters in clear water and five meters or less in turbid water. The light attenuation process is caused by the absorption (which removes light energy) and scattering (which changes the direction of light path). Absorption and scattering effects are due to the water itself and to other components such as dissolved organic matter or small observable floating particles. Dealing with this difficulty, underwater imaging faces to many problems: first the rapid attenuation of light requires attaching a light source to the vehicle providing the necessary lighting. Unfortunately, artificial lights tend to illuminate the scene in a non uniform fashion producing a bright spot in the center of the image and poorly illuminated area surrounding. Then the distance between the camera and the scene usually induced prominent blue or green color (the wavelength corresponding to the red color disappears in only few meters). Then, the floating particles highly variable in kind and concentration, increase absorption and scattering effects: they blur image features (forward scattering), modify colors and produce bright artifacts known as â€Å"marine snow†. At last the non stability of the  underwater vehicle affects once again image  contrast. To test the accuracy of the preprocessing algorithms, three steps are followed. 1) First an original image is converted into grayscale image. 2)  Second salt and pepper noise added to the grayscale image. 3) Third wavelet filtering is applied to denoise the image. Grayscale images are distinct from one-bit bi-tonal black-and-white images, which in the context of computer imaging are images with only the two colors, black, and white. Grayscale images have many shades of gray in between. Grayscale images are also called monochromatic, denoting the presence of only one (mono) color (chrome). Grayscale images are often the result of measuring the intensity of light at each pixel in a single band of the electromagnetic spectrum and in such cases they are monochromatic proper when only a given frequency is captured. Salt and pepper noise is a form of noise typically seen on images. It represents itself as randomly occurring white and black  pixels. An image containing salt-and-pepper noise will have dark pixels in bright regions and bright pixels in dark regions. This type of noise can be caused by analog-to-digital converter errors, bit errors in transmission. Wavelet filtering gives very good results compared to other denoising methods because, unlike other methods, it does not assume that the coefficients are independent. III. A PREPROCESSING ALGORITHM The algorithm proposed corrects each underwater perturbations sequentially.  addressed in the algorithm. However, contrast equalization also corrects the effect of the exponential light attenuation with distance. B. Bilateral Filtering Bilateral filtering smooth the images while preserving edges by means of a nonlinear combination of nearby image values. The idea underlying bilateral filtering is to do in the range of an image what traditional filters do in its domain. Two pixels can close to one another, occupy nearby spatial location (i.e) have nearby values. Closeness refers to vicinity in the domain, similarity to vicinity in the range. Traditional filtering is a domain filtering, and enforces closeness by weighing pixel values with coefficients that fall off with distance. The range filtering, this averages image values with weights that decay with dissimilarity. Range filters are nonlinear because their weights depend on image intensity or color. Computationally, they are no more complex than standard nonseparable  filters. So the combination of both domain and range filtering is known as bilateral filtering. A. Contrast equalization Contrast stretching often called normalization is a simple image enhancement technique that attempts to improve the contrast in an image by ‘stretching’ the range of intensity values. Many well-known techniques are known to help correcting the lighting disparities in underwater images. As the contrast is non uniform, a global color histogram equalization of the image will not suffice and local methods must be considered. Among all the methods they reviewed, Garcia, Nicosevici and Cufi [2] constated the empirical best results of the illuminationreflectance model on underwater images. The low-pass version of the image is typically computed with a Gaussian filter having a large standard deviation. This method is theoretically relevant backscattering, which is responsible for most of the contrast disparities, is indeed a slowly varying spatial function. Backscattering is the predominant noise, hence it is sensible for it to be the first noise Anisotropic filtering Anisotropic filter is used to smoothing the image. Anisotropic filtering allows us to simplify image features to improve image segmentation. This filter smooths the image in homogeneous area but preserves edges and enhance them. It is used to smooth textures and reduce artifacts by deleting small edges amplified by homomorphic filtering. This filter removes or attenuates unwanted artifacts and  remaining noise. The anisotropic diffusion algorithm is used to reduce noise and prepare the segmentation step. It allows to smooth image in homogeneous areas but it preserves and even enhances the edges in the image. Here the algorithm follow which is proposed by Perona and Malik [5]. This algorithm is automatic so it uses constant parameters selected manually. The previous step of wavelet filtering is very important to obtain good results with anisotropic filtering. It is the association of wavelet filtering and anisotropic filtering which gives such results. Anisotropic algorithm is  usually used as long as result is not satisfactory. In our case few times only loop set to constant value, to preserve a short computation time. For this denoising filter choose a nearly symmetric orthogonal wavelet bases with a bivariate shrinkage exploiting interscale dependency. Wavelet filtering gives very good results compared to other denoising methods because, unlike other methods, it does not assume that the coefficients are independent. Indeed wavelet coefficients in natural image have significant dependencies. Moreover the computation time is very short. IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND EVALUATION To estimate the quality of reconstructed image, Mean Squared Error and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio are calculated for the original and the reconstructed images. Performance of different filters are tested by calculating the PSNR and MSE values. The size of the images taken is 256Ãâ€"256 pixels. The Mean Square Error (MSE) and the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are the two error metrics used to compare image compression quality. The MSE represents the cumulative squared error between the compressed and the original image, whereas PSNR represents a measure of the peak error. The lower the value of MSE, the lower the error. In Table 1, the original and reconstructed images are shown. In table 2, PSNR and MSE values are calculated for all underwater images. PSNR value obtained for denoised images is higher, when compare with salt and pepper noise added images. MSE value obtained for the denoised images has lower the error when compared with salt and pepper noise added images. e D. Wavelet filtering Thresholding is a simple non-linear technique, which operates on one wavelet coefficient at a time. In its most basic form, each coefficient is thresholded by comparing against threshold, if the coefficient is smaller than threshold, set to zero; otherwise it is kept or modified. Replacing the small noisy coefficients by zero and inverse wavelet transform on the result may lead to reconstruction with the essential signal characteristics and with the less noise. A simple denoising algorithm that uses the wavelet transform consist of the following three steps, (1) calculate the wavelet  transform of the noisy image (2) Modify the noisy detail wavelet coefficients according to some rule (3) compute the inverse transform using the modified coefficients. Multiresolution decompositions have shown significant advantages in image denoising. best denoised image. In clearly, the comparisons of PSNR and MSE values are shown in Fig -1a and Fig -1b. V. CONCLUSION In this paper a novel underwater preprocessing algorithm is present. This algorithm is automatic, requires no  parameter adjustment and no a priori knowledge of the acquisition conditions. This is because functions evaluate their parameters or use pre-adjusted defaults values. This algorithm is fast. Many adjustments can still be done to improve the whole pre-processing algorithms. Inverse filtering gives good results but generally requires a priori knowledge on the environment. Filtering used in this paper needs no parameters adjustment so it can be used systematically on underwater images before every pre-processing algorithms. REFERENCES [1] Arnold-Bos, J. P. Malkasse and Gilles Kervern,(2005) â€Å"Towards a model-free denoising of underwater optical image,† IEEE OCEANS 05 EUROPE,Vol.1, pp.234256. [2] Caefer, Charlene E.; Silverman, Jerry. &Mooney,JonathanM,(2000) â€Å"Optimisation of point target tracking filters†. IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., pages 15-25. [3] R. Garcia, T. Nicosevici, and X. Cufi. (2002) â€Å"On the way to solve lighting problems in underwater imaging†. In Proceedings of the IEEE Oceans 2002, pages 1018–1024. [4] James C. Church, Yixin Chen, and Stephen V., (2008) â€Å"A Spatial Median Filter for Noise Removal in Digital Images†, page(s):618 – 623. [45 Jenny Rajan and M.R Kaimal., (2006) â€Å"Image Denoising Using Wavelet Embedded anisotropic Diffusion†, Appeared in the Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Visual Information Engineering, page(s): 589 – 593. [6] Z. Liu, Y. Yu, K. Zhang, and H. Huang.,(2001) â€Å"Underwater image transmission and blurred image restoration†. SPIE Journal of Optical Engineering, 40(6):1125–1131. [7] P. Perona and J.Malik, (1990) â€Å"Scale space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion,† IEEE Trans on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pp.629-639. [8] Schechner, Y and Karpel, N., (2004) â€Å"Clear Underwater Vision†. Proceedings of the IEEE CVPR, Vol. 1, pp. 536-543. [9] Stephane Bazeille, Isabelle, Luc jaulin and Jean-Phillipe Malkasse, (2006) â€Å"Automatic Underwater image PreProcessing†, cmm’06 – characterisation du milieu marine page(s): 16-19. [10] Yongjian Yu and Scott T. Acton, (2002) â€Å"Speckle Reducing Anisotropic Diffusion†, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, page(s): 1260-1270, No. 11, Vol.11.

First Day in College

First Day in College According to a scientific research we record moments which leave significant marks in our emotional state or in our lifes. There has been circumsatances I’ve lived through that has impacted in my life. One of those remarkable moments was my first day in college. There’s many people that maybe can not understand how difficult is to emigrate. My transition to this country accumulated stess and excitement in the same time. Many people have never tried the feeling of being alone and with nobody. There is no one I can related to have or socialize with that.That’s America gave me. It put in my way a lot of challenges to pass through. The first one was my first day in college. I remembered that day like was today. The particular one also showed me the differences between America and Eastern part of Europe. It was September 4th 2013. It was a beautiful autumn day. I didn’t sleep the night before despite I took pills to help sleep. I guess it w as emotional because I was excited. Anyway I slept two hours. I got up at 7 o’clock. I took a shower,aet the breakfast and I got dressed.All of those movuments were involuntary because I was in a different sate of mind . Physically I was in Torrington while my while part of mine was in 271 Scott Swamp Rd Farmington where the college is located. It was warm and sunny that morning so I was wearing a squared blu shirt and a pair of blue jeans. I took my black backpack and I went outside where my old brown Chrysler was waiting for me ready for a new adventure. While I got out from my praking lot I started to get cold despite the warmth outside. It was 7:45 when I passed Torrington .I had driven to Tunxis only once before that day. I had an iphone but without data so in those circumstances I was afraid of getting lost and missing that important day. So basically I took route 4 and I kept going while I was listening to music. In the same time I was asking myself if I was in right w ay. I was in that status until the Tunxis campus appeared ahead. Then another question came in my mind â€Å"What about now? † I passed last lights and I turend the wheels all the way to the left where the college parking lot is. It was full with cars.I’ve never seen something like that in any college or high school in my country. Luckly I found I parking lot. I took my backpack from the back seat and I walked straight to the main entarance. It was 8:20 while the class started in 8:30. There’s so many young students like me that were walking to the campus but I bet none of them were like me,I mean like my emotional state. So, I entered in the main entranece of the college which basically is 100 building. When I entered it was so much difference between albanian schools which has only headmaster room and teachers room.I directly noticed the Faculty Office on the left and the Record Office on the right. I didn’t know where to go and where my class was. For that reason I took to the right I went up to the end at Information Desk where I asked and the told me to look through the sheets attached in the desk which were behind me. That’s what I did. I saw that my first class was Integrated Reading and Writing I and it would be in room 210. Again I asked a guy who passed by and he told me to go through the door in front of me and to take right in the second door. Finally I found it.There were other students whose were waiting like me. I was watching them and in the same time I was wondering if the would be my first classmates. In that moment an old short blond woman came up toward greeting us. She took a piece of paper form her bag and she saw the code to open the class door. I didnt see before a class door like this. In Albania it dosent exist. We all took a chair. It was a different classroom that I was expected. The student desk was small and couldn’t have space for two or more students like the desks in Albania were.Anothe r thing that took my curiosity was a guy who took in his hand a Dunkin’Donuts coffee in class which in my country I couldn’t even take a bottle of water in class beace any driks or foods are prohibited. My attention went to my new teacher when she started speaking not Albanian but in English in which I wasn’t used to. She introduced herself. Her name was Christina. She read our names. When she came into my name she pronounced it wrong so I had a little conversation in order to prounounce my name well despite my broken English. After that the student who were in class started talking with the teacher.I was the only one who didn’t participate in class. beacuse I was shy. Therefore three hours went by quickly so that class was over at 11:20. When I got out of the class I felt like I accomplished hard duty. The halls of the 100 Building were overcrowded by students but it was quite not like in my country where is too noisy even with fewer students. That day I had only one class but my day was still not done yet. I had to meet an Italian girl whose name is Alessia. Her father is my uncle’s best friend and she is her to help me with anything because she knew all the things there because she was there since two years.She got my number from my uncle so she texed me and she saidto meet in Library. I went there and I saw here. She was the most beautiful girl that I’ve ever met. We started taling for about an hour about ourselves. She asked me about how I felt in America and stuff like that. We talk an hours but it seemed to me like 5 minutes. Now I can understand Einstain’s quote about relativity †Put your hand in a hot stove for a minute and it seems like an houer. Sit with a pretty girl for an hour and it seems like a minute. That’s relativity. †That girl was like the cherry on top of the cake. She made my day.

Interview Spiritual Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interview Spiritual Leader - Essay Example When asked from the experience of providing patients and their families with spiritual care, particularly in expectations of people who are dying, Rev. RVM revealed that different patients have varied expectations of facing death, depending on the age of the patient and the circumstances that led them to face death – either in a natural or unexpected conditions.  For instance, it was revealed that older people who have had a long time being afflicted with chronic illnesses have mostly relayed expecting death as a natural part of life. Some, who have faced extreme health challenges, especially those who experience chronic and constant pain, have actually expressed the natural preference to transcend.  However, for some patients who are still young, who have had to contend with facing imminent death due to accidents or unexpected illness which are debilitating and painful face allegedly death with fear, apprehension, and great sorrow. According to Rev. RVM, these patients us ually could not accept having to give up life so soon, especially when there are loved ones or pressing obligations that still need to be fulfilled.  In addition, some of the patients expressed worry and concern regarding facing death depending on the support systems: available resources to address issues surrounding death and after death experiences for family member who would be left; availability of loved ones who would support the patient during and after death; and whether all personal messages.... Some, who have faced extreme health challenges, especially those who experience chronic and constant pain, have actually expressed the natural preference to transcend into the afterlife. However, for some patients who are still young, who have had to contend with facing imminent death due to accidents or unexpected illness which are debilitating and painful face allegedly death with fear, apprehension, and great sorrow. According to Rev. RVM, these patients usually could not accept having to give up life so soon, especially when there are loved ones or pressing obligations that still need to be fulfilled. In addition, some of the patients expressed worry and concern regarding facing death depending on the support systems: available resources to address issues surrounding death and after death experiences for family member who would be left; availability of loved ones who would support the patient during and after death; and whether all personal messages have already been relayed to a ny of the family members, as deemed needed. Overall, what Rev. RVM has relayed regarding expectations and experiences of people who were dying were consistent with those which were relayed by Smith (2001) who categorized expectations into the lack of control, capacity, autonomy, feelings of pain, and worrying about being a burden to their loved ones. Findings Relative to Requests of Final Preparations and/or Unusual Requests When asked regarding the most common experiences being relayed by patients or relatives regarding making final preparations during an end-of life experience, Rev. RVM relayed that predominantly, what has been requested comes from predominantly Catholic practitioners or devotees who requests for the presence of a priest

Multivariate analysisand cluster Speech or Presentation

Multivariate analysisand cluster - Speech or Presentation Example This analysis is aimed at investigating the significant difference between the USFOX and BRITISHFOX. In this study, the variables are F1 Height at shoulders in centimetres, F2 body length in centimetres, and F3 weight in kilograms. In this case we will investigate if there is any difference in adult male red fox measurements between the US and Great Britain. The difference between the two populations USFOX and British FOX will also be investigated in this research. In this study, we will investigate if there exists any correlation between the height at the shoulders, and the length of the body (Tunner. D. E and Youssef-Morgar C.M, 2013). The correlation between the height of the body and the weight of the body. The correlation between the length of the body and the weight of the body. We will first explore the population to investigate the univariate normality and bivariate normality, Kutner, M. H., C. J. Nachtsheim, J. Neter, andW. Li (2005). We will also explore the relationship be tween the variables. We use the r-program to do the analysis test for univariate and bivariate normal. Statistics is in every day activities, and its hard to go without any encounter of statistics (Campbell, G, Stonehouse, G & Houston, B 2002). Without statistics, we couldn’t be able to plan our budgets, pay our taxes, enjoy ourselves to the fullest or even evaluate our performance in the various job positions. Descriptive statistics includes qualitatively describing the features of gathering of information. Descriptive statistics aims at summarizing the sample unlike inferential statistics that aim at learning about the population. The descriptive statistics are not obtained on the ground of probability theory. Some of the measures used to define the data are the measures of central tendency and the measures of dispersion (Brue Stanley. & Randy Grant, 2007). The measure of central tendency that we are going to look at include; mean,

Experience in writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experience in writing - Essay Example One of my strongest points is that I have a good command of grammatical correctness; I have always practiced this in the course of improving my communication. In any piece of writing, I give much attention to avoiding spelling and typographical errors that may distort my message. The ability to organize my points in an effective way also forms part of my strengths in writing. To that end, I always ensure that my points are well organized and logically supporting my thesis. However, I have weakness in language use especially in the scenario where I have to choose the right word, among many words leading in the same direction. I tend to confuse the difference between these types of words and may end up using the least-fitting one. My experience also features love and hate stories for writing. What I love most is the ability to communicate my mind without necessarily expressing feelings. I have weakness in expressing true feelings and, thus far, this has made writing a better place since it gives me an ample time for constructing my views to best fit the feeling I intend. In which case, my narrative skills have served me best in improving my confidence and love for writing. Despite the love, I have a strong hate for the rules restricting the use of First-persons pronouns. I always feel that such kind of cases restrict me from fully expressing myself within a piece of writing especially in a case where I would like to identify personally with my narration and let the reader have a glimpse of genuineness.

Korean Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Korean Art - Essay Example The painting largely uses the primary color red. Blue is also used but not as much as red. The most prominent secondary color is green. White and brown define the colors of the subjects’ skin and the collars of their clothes. In general, the colors form an attractive combination that perhaps reflects the cultural background of the painter or the subjects. With the many images of different sizes and shapes, there are different lines used in the painting. Thick brush strokes were used to show the prominent parts of the image. For instance, the backrest of the chairs of Indra and Brahma are painted with thick brush strokes detailing the images forming curved lines. There are also lines not so heavily thickened like the brushstrokes on the clothes of the images which give the design and folds. Thin lines are used to define more detailed parts of the images such as the edges of images. For instance, the designs of the headdresses are given more details through the use of thin lines . With the various images portrayed in the painting, it has been necessary to use not only different thickness of lines but also different shaped lines such as curve, diagonal, horizontal, vertical and straight. The swords held by the guardians are some examples that show the aforementioned differences in direction and form of lines. Moreover, there are also different shapes and forms used in the painting. The shapes like the blue decorations used in the background have indefinite shapes but they are closed figures that are used for some purpose by the painter. Other forms are shown in the headdresses and the heads of some of the subjects. The painting is two-dimensional, laid on a flat canvass that it has features similar to a photograph. The subjects facing the... With the many images of different sizes and shapes, there are different lines used in the painting. Thick brush strokes were used to show the prominent parts of the image. For instance, the backrest of the chairs of Indra and Brahma are painted with thick brush strokes detailing the images forming curved lines. There are also lines not so heavily thickened like the brushstrokes on the clothes of the images which give the design and folds. Thin lines are used to define more detailed parts of the images such as the edges of images. For instance, the designs of the headdresses are given more details through the use of thin lines. With the various images portrayed in the painting, it has been necessary to use not only different thickness of lines but also different shaped lines such as curve, diagonal, horizontal, vertical and straight. The swords held by the guardians are some examples that show the aforementioned differences in direction and form of lines.Moreover, there are also diffe rent shapes and forms used in the painting. The shapes like the blue decorations used in the background have indefinite shapes but they are closed figures that are used for some purpose by the painter. Other forms are shown in the headdresses and the heads of some of the subjects. The painting is two-dimensional, laid on a flat canvass that it has features similar to a photograph. The subjects facing the viewer straight forward have a seemingly photographic effect that shows two dimensions. However, there are also three dimensional figures.

Death Knocks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Death Knocks - Essay Example He has used puns and pratfalls heavily and carefully to channel succinctly a light and comical delineation of death. Putting it differently, he has successfully managed to manipulate death, such a serious issue into a funny and laughable matter. The play begins with a vivid description of Nat Ackerman’s house (Myers, 4). He stays in a two-storey building in Kew curtilage. The wall is covered completely with carpet. Inside the bedroom, there is a large divalent bed and a large dresser. The living room is richly furnished and colorful curtains all over. There are a number of pictures smartly arranged on the wall and an ugly likeable barometer. Just as the curtains are opened, soft music emerges from the background. It is at this time that Nat, who is a fifty-seven-years- old dressmaker with a baldhead is seen comfortably lying on bed reading a newspaper. At close to midnight, Nat hears a noise that startles him prompting him to stand by the window to lock at what is happening. Woody Allen portrays death as a funny and humorous character. In the way death acts out, he is seen as very friendly contrary to the real life situation. Both Nat and Death are equally humorous, when Nat confirms that he was not expecting Death, Death replies in a joking way by asking Nat if he was expecting Rock Hudson. Furthermore, in this play, Death does not have the full capacity and aggressiveness in executing his task. He willingly joins Nat in playing gin rummy game. There is an agreement that if Nat emerges the winner in the game, Death spares his life for extra 24 hours. On the other hand, if Nat loses the game, Death leaves with him instantly. Allen depicts Death as unthreatening and conversant by impersonating him as an ethnical image. That Nat can talk to Death, changes everything modifying death as approachable and less awful. When Nat borrows the idea

The Movement of people Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Movement of people Migration - Essay Example (Cohen 1997) Though the African contribution to America's exponential explosion of multiculturalism may be little known, the recent expansion of social variety in America is widely acknowledged. The United States and New York City are the principal destinations of recent documented and undocumented African immigrants. As far as new groups of recent immigrants have settled communities, many urban, suburban, and even rural areas have become "unexpectedly" varied and diverse. The appearance of differences has undermined the myth about American "melting pot". It has made, for some Americans, the specter of new immigration a bitter political issue of national scope. It was also obvious that the new immigration has raised much political debate in local contexts. (Global diasporas: An introduction 1997) Attracted by the global lights of the United States of America, many African immigrants came to New York in order not to settle, but to earn as much money as possible. And then they were going to return home. And, of course, they faced a great number of problems. After arrival they soon pointed out that their bad English, limited technological knowledge, and shadowy immigration status made working in the sphere of economy practically impossible. Having faced this brute reality, they entered the informal economy, as a result of which many of them became street vendors. It is a matter of fact that the community of African immigrants in America is profoundly fluid. Many of the men who migrated to America in the early 1990s have returned home. (Salzman 1996) Only few of the African immigrants aspire to American citizenship. They also feel practically no social connection to the communities they live in. As a result they contribute little to community life. The sociocultural, legal, and political tensions of living in the United States have also deepened negative impressions that many Africans hold of American society. Many African immigrants identify America as a violent, insensitive, time-constrained place in which morally exhausted people have no time to visit one another. To buffer themselves from social deprivation and cultural isolation, Africans have formed informal credit groups or more formal mutual assistance groups like the Guinean Association of America African immigrants in American have little social stability and few formal institutions. (Foner 2001) African immigrants also have to confront and resolve medical problems, regulatory dilemmas, and cultural alienation. These problems are inextricably linked. For the great majority of African immigrants, evasion of public hospitals doesn't mean that they distrust Western medicine. They are frightened with the INS. Although the great majority of African immigrants in the United States express intense approval for the economic opportunities they enjoy and exploit in the United States, they consistently complain of loneliness, sociocultural isolation, and alienation from mainstream American social customs. These conditions, which lead to a decreased sense of control over one's life, have had an influence on the subjective well-being of

Art and the Afterlife Across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art and the Afterlife Across Cultures - Essay Example In each culture, arts and better understandings of what is told to do to the believers, evolved side by side. It is found that people portrayed their religious beliefs, especially life after death, through pictorial art in all cultures. Artists tried to build a relation between humans and the divine. At times it became more liberal and somewhat offensive when artists tried to express the details on its own way. However, religious clergy understands the need of the liberal art in order to make the follower conceptualize the promised destination. Egyptians perhaps left the most artistic concept of life after death. They used both sculpture and painting forms of art to represent the exact details of that time. They believed that these paintings will accompany the deceased in the life after that is the eternal life. They took a great deal of care in its preservation. Egyptians also drew on a form of paper, came from a ‘Papyrus’ plant. Different types of pottery were used to hold the deceased body parts, removed earlier, so it could be carried to the life after this. Some pots were engraved with personal details of the person. Huge sculptures were built to give eternal life to the most famous pharaohs, kings and queens. Ancient Egyptians painted to introduce the deceased with gods and make the journey to the after life more pleasant. Buddhism is one of the oldest mythologies. Buddhists believe in the afterlife too. They view death as a continuation of another life. The departed spirit may reappear in another form; that may be a human being again or an animal, but it never ends. The new form of life inherits the good or bad deeds of the previous life. This cycle of life goes on until one achieves the ultimate goal of life, the only way to break this cycle, and get rid of the ‘sufferings’ in each life. Most of the artifacts related to Buddhism are the sculptures of ‘Buddha’ himself. It depicts serenity after attaining complete li berty from sufferings of life and highlights the impermanence of it. The sculptures show calmness on the face through long and arduous self-meditation. Recently, a number of Buddha artifacts were displayed at Rubin Museum of Arts. ‘Bardo’ from the â€Å"Tibetan Book of the Dead† was one of them that show different paths that one may take after death. Judaism believes on life after death but there is no distinct picture of what happens after death. Most of the Jews believe that the dead will be raised again on The Day of the Judgment. It is also believed that the soul maintains relationship with the body for a year, at least for the sinners. Then, pious people are granted to enter to ‘Heaven’. On the other hand the wicked people are thrown in to ‘Hell’ or ‘Gahanna’. There are conflicts about the resurrection when Messiah comes. Many argue that it will be physical resurrection while the others believe in ‘soul sleep†™. Jewish are involved in all different forms of arts. It is ironic that there is no bookshop that has a separate Jewish painting and sculpture section. Most of the Judaic items are falsely associated with Jewish art. Bible prohibits portraying of any living creature, like Islam, but people do not have a problem showing Moses with his snake. Islam is the second largest religion in the world. Muslims believe that it is the continuation, in fact the final version of Judaism and Christianity. They believe that the time in this world is a test. Those

The arguments for human surrogacy Essay Example for Free

The arguments for human surrogacy Essay With reference to both religious and ethical views, explain the arguments for human surrogacy. [35] Surrogacy is when a woman carries a child on behalf of someone else. There are four broad types of surrogacy: partial, full, commercial and voluntary. Partial surrogacy occurs when the surrogate mother provides her egg which is fertilised either in vitro and placed through artificial insemination into the womb or she is artificially inseminated by the intended father’s sperm. Only in very rare cases would sexual intercourse take place. Full surrogacy occurs when the intended parents provide egg and sperm. In some cases a donor sperm/egg may be used. Commercial surrogacy refers to arrangements whereby a woman is contracted and paid to be a surrogate mother and to deliver a baby to the intended parents; in many countries this is illegal. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Surrogacy of any kind raises many religious and ethical issues. In examining reasons why people may be in favour of surrogacy, a good place to start is the Christian view. Surrogacy tends to be supported by liberal denominations such as the United Methodist Church in America. Surrogacy could be a way in which an infertile couple could fulfil the Biblical injunction to, â€Å"be fruitful and multiply.† Children can compete a marriage and are a gift from God. Surrogacy could be an act of immense compassion and selfless service, in line with the teaching of Jesus: â€Å"When he saw the crowds, he had compassion for them,† Matthew 9:36. Voluntary or altruistic surrogacy refers to a surrogate arrangement where the surrogate mother voluntarily offers to bear a child for another couple but not for commercial gain. Her motives could be out of love or charity or self-fulfilment. The story of Abraham and Hagar is a Biblical example of surrogacy, although it does not necessarily condone or promote the practice. Christian and secular utilitarians alike support surrogacy. Utilitarians believe that man has a natural desire to reproduce based in human biology. The Utilitarian wishes to maximise happiness and minimise the pain of infertility. Since successful surrogacy will bring an enormous amount of happiness. When considering issues such as infertility we must not look at it in impersonal, philosophical terms. It is a problem that can only be truly understood at human level. Those that have never suffered infertility will not know the true pain these theorists are in agreement with such treatments. In the case of an infertile couple the utilitarian will look at the options available and strive towards to goal of conception. To quote Laura Bush, â€Å"For those who deeply want children and are denied them, those missing babies hover like silent ephemeral shadows over their lives.† Proponents of situation ethics also would support surrogacy, depending on the circumstances. This theory is in favour of reproductive technology if it is the most loving course of action in the particular situation. It is not absolutist. This theory says that individual situations are different. This theory believes that there is only one underlying principle: you do whatever is the most loving thing to do in a situation. Ethical rules are secondary. In the circumstances of an infertile couple you take the line of action which will be the most loving thing for a couple in their unique circumstances. Furthermore, surrogacy is an issue of personal autonomy and reproductive freedom. To a large extent in the western world there has been a tradition of giving couples the freedom to make their own decisions about childbearing and childrearing. The family has historically been a place with a right to privacy and beyond the intervention of governments. To some extent this has changed with the introduction of artificial forms of reproduction e.g. IVF treatment. If a couple deeply desires children, it should not be the government’s role to tell them what they can and cannot do. It could be argued that parenthood is a human right, because according to the UNHRD: â€Å"Parents have the exclusive right to determine freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children.† Humans have personal sovereignty, which is to be free of the control or coercion of others. Therefore they should be allowed to make their own decisions about their families. After all, in most cases a surrogate child is a wanted child whose parents are prepared to go to extreme lengths to have them, suggesting that they will make very good parents. This alone could be enough to justify the practice. Surrogacy is generally supported within the homosexual community, because it enables same sex couples to become parents through the introduction of a third party. Ultimately, surrogacy causes us to rethink our views on family, marriage, sex and what makes a mother. Regardless of our views, we should be compassionate towards those suffering from the effects of infertility. You cannot understand their situation unless you have experienced it personally. To quote Elayne Boosler, â€Å"The Vatican is against surrogate mothers. Good thing they didnt have that rule when Jesus was born.†

Examples Of National Cinema

Examples Of National Cinema Q: With reference to one or two films ,discuss the ways in which films can operate as examples of national cinema. Draw on relevant academic reading in order to illustrate your answer and develop your argument. National cinema is an important term in studying film. In this essay, we will discover the concept of national cinema through British cinema as an example. In the second part, we will illustrate Stephen Daldrys Billy Elliot(2000) to discuss the ways in the film can operate of nation cinema. National Cinema can be define as film which being produce with the national identity of the country following the aspect from culture, background and political of the particular country. (Hjort, 2000) Our focus will narrow down on the British cinema, which experience the threat from Hollywood towards their local market their intention to break down the Hollywood domination on the local market as well as the media culture pollution brought by the US film after the WWI. The three main issues which need to be overcome by the British Cinema are the production, consumption and representation of their films towards the national audiences (market). (Newland, 2010.) There are many successful film being produce by the national film maker which had receive critical reception internationally examples such as production from Harry Saltzman and Albert R. Broccoli. They combined sex with exotic locations, casual violence and self-referential humor in the phenomenally successful James Bond series with Sean Connery in the leading role. The first film Dr. No was a sleeper hit in the UK in 1962, and the second, From Russia with Love (1963), a hit worldwide. By the time of the third film, Goldfinger(1964), the series had become a global phenomenon, reaching its commercial peak with Thunderball the following year. The revolution of national film which being brought forward by implementing a more liberated attitude to sex, capitalizing on the swinging London image propagated by Time magazine had broke the taboos around the portrayal of sex and nudity on screen. The standard of film quality and blockbuster production of film had been benchmark by the Hollywood film and the genre of the type of movie produce with the element being put into the film. These were not the norm or the culture accepted by the film producer in the British. The more daring approach in including more gore and explicit scene had more appeal to the audiences and the horror movie from the America s The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) had make Hammers vampire films seem increasingly tame and outdated, despite attempts to spice up the formula with added nudity and gore. (Martian, 2004) Although some attempts were made to broaden the range of British horror films, such as the comic adaption from Captain Kronos, Vampire Hunter or the cult favorite The Wicker Man, these films had made little impact at the box office. However there are many Hollywood films with a British dimension (based on British people, stories or events) have had enormous worldwide commercial success. Six of the top seven highest-grossing films worldwide of all time have some British historical, cultural or creative dimensions: Titanic, The Lord of the Rings, Pirates of the Caribbean and the Harry Potter movies. The second culturally American film on the list, Star Wars at number 9, was filmed principally in the UK. (Imdb, 2010.) Adding four more Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings films, plus three about a Scottish ogre in British fairy tale setting (Shrek), and about two-thirds of the top twenty most commercial films, with combined cinema revenues of about $13 billion, had a substantial British dimension. (ibid.) British influence can also be seen with the English Cycle of Disney animated films, which include Alice in Wonderland, Peter Pan, The Jungle Book, Robin Hood, Dalmatians, The, The Rescuers and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh. (Simth, 2003) The British cinema market is too small for the British film industry to successfully produce Hollywood-style blockbusters over a sustained period. As such, the industry has not been able to produce commercial success internationally in comparison. The British film industry consequently has a complex and divided attitude to Hollywood. On the one hand Hollywood provides work to British directors, actors, writers, production staff and studios, enables British history and stories to be made as films, and opens up the US and world markets to a limited participation by some in the British film industry. On the other hand, the loss of control and profits, and the market requirements of the US distributors, are often seen to endanger and distort British film culture. The success from these film had clearly reflect that there is something missing in the British film because with the same resources by the Hollywood there are able to produce blockbuster which create great impact on the national and international reception. Put more emphasis on British cinema production, British support their film industry although Hollywood has a great impact on British cinema. The UK Film Council was created in 2000 aims to develop and promote the widest possible enjoyment and understanding of cinema throughout the nations and regions of the UK. (UK Film Council, 2006). British film Institute, BBC, FilmFour etc. also is a major organization to support and fund British film. However, British film can be funds by Hollywood companies such as The Full Monty funds by Fox Searchlight due to British film have co-production and distribution deal with Hollywood studio. British government offers film tax relief of UK filming. Unfortunately, in recently, a Republican wants to reduce the tax break from 25 percents of the film production to 15 percent.(Cooper, 2010) Murphy, R. in The British cinema book concluded the cause in Britsih cinema finance support by different country: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦while British cinema may depend upon international finance and audiences for its viability, this may actually strengthen its ability to probe national question, that while cinema has apparently lost its national audience in the cinemas, it may have gained a more fully national audience via television, and that while British cinema may no longer assert the myths of nation with its earlier confidence, it may nonetheless be a cinema which is more fully representative of national complexities than ever before. (Murphy, 2004) In conclude, British cinema is an example to illustrate the national cinema in this essay, of course, there are different cinema can contribute national cinema such as French cinema and Italian cinema. The relationship between national cinema and Hollywood is a worthy discussion topic. The term of national cinema is continent developing by the social and economic change. Billy Elliot (2000) is an example to analysis how a film to operate a concept of national cinema. Billy Elliot is a mixed genres film, it is a social drama with a strong vein of comedy. (Mahon, 2004). In terms of national cinema, Billy Elliot is a British film full of logical. It low budget film supported by BBC Films and National Lottery funds, has a British cast, is directed by British director (Stephen Daldry), editor (John Wilson), cinematographer (Brian Tufano), screenwriter (Lee Hall) and choreographer (Peter Darling). Even the music, by T Rex, the Jam and the Clash is unashamedly British. (Lister, 2000) Obvious, the film was filmed in Great Britain. Story background set in 1984, Durham. Eleven years old main character Billy struggle to be a ballet dancer whiles his family not supporting him. His father and brother are miners whom involved the historic miners strike. Billy continued learn ballet with his private teacher. Billy becomes a famous ballet dance after he overcomes th e problem of financial and family. Billy Elliot is an inspiring and heat-warming film with political, social, and gender issue being raised in the film. In the political part, Billy and his family is a member of Nation Union of Mineworks who involved the miners strike during 1984-1985 in northern England. Although screen writer Lee Hall said they à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦didnt get the broader political context of the miners strike in -frustrating.(Teeman, 2008.) The film distributes the identity and also chronicles the British industry history and strikes and makes the film realistic. It included several scenes depict the conflict and violence between the police and the miners such as crossing the picket and the catchword -scabs. Alan Sinfield concluded those scenes in Boys, Class and Gender: Police with batons and riot shields are seen charging through alleys and houses, overthrowing any sense that private life is immune from the gross activity of the state. (Sinfield, 2006) During that two year was a bitter year for miners and the middle-class, for example, the Elliots family not having coal for heat in the winter. Billys father Jackie gave up on the strike in order to finance Billy to London to further his ballet studies. The cinematography and the scene being capture had provide the audience to visualise one of the most difficult times by the people through poverty and hardship due to the economic and political unrest. For the social part, Class, the films presents the working-class plight in England by Tory government of 1980s.(Kaplan, 2004) Again, the strike had reflect the right of working class to pursuit their welfare. Billys father has not been to London in his entire life. Billy and his father amaze the gorgeous architecture when they go to the Royal Ballet School. Billy Elliot also represents the acceptance and openness in England. In that time is generally accepted that ballet is not for lower class, is for girl and boy do ballet is means he is homosexual. Billy Father Jackie said For girls, not for lads, Billy. after he found out Billy attend the ballet class. In majority people they gendering of ballet as feminine, for boy, they do boxing, football and wrestling. Billy also repeatedly explained that he is not homosexual even he do ballet. Gender, Billy Elliot did not put emphasis on female even the female ballet teacher plays a major impact on Billy. Billy is in close relationship with his father, brother, and his cross-dressing friend Michael. His father, brother and miners against the police in heavy industrial which represent male plat the role of maintain the family and economic pillar. His friend Michael as a homosexual, Billy accepts him and treats him as best friend. In the end of the story, Michael attends to Billys ballet show, he make up and transvestite with a black man who perhaps his boyfriend. Cora Kaplan described the idea of gender issue in The Death of the working-class hero: Billy Elliot, which has a strongly marked gay subtext: to support its homo-social and gently homoerotic narrative, femininity as a negative or abject trope must be cordoned off from the films redefinition of masculinities, both heroic and ordinary. (Kaplan, 2004) Billy Elliot represents the social, political, gender and class issue in British in 1980s. Of course, there are many factors lead to this film success and more British. Scenes setting, national miners strike is a remarkable history in British. Filming in fictional country town Everington, where is a in the real in Durham, northern England. It is one of the largest mining communities to the strike. (Mahon, 2004.) The dispute sequences between police, `scabs and strikes also make the film realism. Beside strike, the landscape in countryside and scenes of Billys house is small, simple kitchen, and crude bathroom depicts the poverty and the life standard of working-class. In the last few scene at Royal Ballet School, London, shows a city, transportation and the grand design in Britain capital in comparison with countryside. In addition, Billy Elliot simple customs also represent the poor mining community hardship in 1980s. For example, in the whole film Billy only wears one short, single t, jeans, jacket and school uniform as his clothing. Billys family even cannot dress warmly and get heat in the winter. Mr. Wilkinson is ballet teacher, middle class, her casual style, messy hair and cigarettes enriched her character. The dialogue delivered in thick lower class British accents and slang. Music is an important part in the film, Billy Elliot is a story about ballet. It surprise that the music is not just included classic music like Swan Lake but also involved rock music and tap dance. The film uses 70s British rock band T-Rex Cosmic dancer and I love to boogie. Its lyrics and style highlight Billy passion in dancing. Town called malice by Jam selected in Billy main dance sequence to shows Billy angry and ambition. The touching, funny, and real history background story with good performance lead to Billy Elliots success in British and international. In Britain, it nominated six and won Best British film, best actor (Jamie Bell) and best supporting actress (Julie Walters) in British Academy of Film and Television (BAFTA) reward. It also nominated three Oscar. This huge success led to the stage, Billy Elliot the Musical opening on 31 March 2005 until present in London. The music is play by famous British songwriter Elton John. The musical continue the success of film while the musical won 10 Tony Awards and production in New York, and Australia. The `British elements in the film which we described above, it seems Billy Elliot is a British full of reasons. Broadcaster Caroline Westbrook reviewed Billy Elliot: Those who have lost faith in the British film industry prepare to have it restored.(Westbrook, 2000) However, some people and academic hold a different opinion, in fact, Billy Elliot was distributed by the largest Hollywood distributor in Europe, UIP. Xan Brooks in The Guardian claims that: Like it or not, Hollywood has shaped homegrown cinema. Billy Elliot, then, is a basic British story told an American Vernacularà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Of course Luddites may argue that Billy Elliot is therefore not purely British. Except that Britain itself is not purely British any more (at least not in the high Tory sense of the film). (Brooks, 2000) Despite some argument of the `Britsih film Billy Elliot, there is no doubt that the film represents the English national identity in terms of political, social and gender issue. It reflects the British culture in 1980s. Billy Elliot is a suitable example to operate how a film does as a national cinema which we discussed in this essay.

Analysis of Passage in Shelleys Frankenstein :: Mary Shelley

Letters Frankenstein This passage is out of letter three, paragraph three. I chose this paragraph because it sounded interesting and it plays a very important part of this novel. Mary Shelley wrote this novel during the Industrial Revolution. The characters in this passage approached the North Pole, challenging the Northern Sea in July. The Northern Sea is deadliest sea in the world. The navigation in the sea is only possible for three months of summer. The other nine months your life will be at risk and you may not even survive. Even the Native Eskimos don't travel during the nine months period of deadly winter. They camp near the Big Land to avoid traveling to the Northern Sea. Now a day, it is a very dangerous and risky adventure to take a ship to the Northern Sea. We are so much advanced in technology but still no one would want to risk their lives. The captain and his crew were traveling during the navigation season but they were facing fog and icebergs on their way. They were stuck in ice and mist for a whole day. Finally, around two o?clock the fog and mist was gone and they could only see the endless ice surrounding them. Some of the captain?s crew began to regret their situation and even the captain had some anxious thoughts. They realized that it could be a dead end. They were uncertain where to go and of their situation. Suddenly, they noticed something was passing by them in a distance of a half a mile. ?We perceived a low carriage, fixed on a sledge and drawn by dogs, pass on towards the north.? It was very strange to see another human/carriage on ice. It was a shock to the crew to see a single man on sled drag by dogs through Northern Sea. Comparing to a well equipped ship, the sled looked like a deadly ride. As mentioned earlier you could only see the endless ice surrounding them and they couldn?t believe that a single man would travel far from the Big Land. However, the man on a sled was a gigantic stature and most likely he was a strong and a brave man. The crew watched through telescopes, as how the sled rapidly passed by them.

The Significance of Public Relations Essay -- Exploratory Essays Resea

The Significance of Public Relations It’s about noon, you just got out of class, or perhaps you are on lunch break, and you are absolutely starving. While your stomach is churning all you can think about is a juicy double cheeseburger from McDonald’s. Finally, you see the golden arches and your mouth begins to water as you wait in line for your overdue meal. As you grow increasingly impatient for your number nine extra value meal you’re dying to see if you’ll have the final piece to the ever so famous McDonald’s Monopoly game. You’re convinced there are no real winners in this game, and you leave the restaurant with your fifteenth free small fries â€Å"prize† in two weeks. Well, it has recently been discovered that their may have been some truth to your unwavering opinion that there are no real â€Å"big winners† to this McDonald’s Monopoly game. According to the ABC news website, as early as 1995, the game has been rigged. Pierre Thomas, the au thor of this ABC news report, states that â€Å"No employees of McDonald's were involved in the scam. Attorney General John Ashcroft said that employees of Simon Marketing Inc., the Los Angeles-based company hired to run the games for McDonald's, allegedly figured out how to direct accomplices to pick up big prize tickets and then split the winnings with them.† This alerting situation and tricky scam immediately became McDonald’s public relations department’s job to fix as quickly and efficiently as possible. However, before finding out how and why the McDonald’s PR department came to a quick solution in mending this situation, it is important to understand exactly what the public relations department does within any company, organization, or government. This single department possesse... ...n direct correlation to the success of any business, organization, or government. Without the skills of well trained public relations specialists, any group is doomed for failure. Currently, public relation specialists working for the government are putting forth huge efforts to maintain support from United States citizens as well as global support for the military actions taking place in Afghanistan. Will they succeed? Only time will tell. Works Cited McDonald's Home Page. 29 Oct. 2001 press/corporate/2001/08212001/>. Straubhaar, Joseph , and Robert LaRose. Media Now: Communication Media in the Information Age. 3rd ed. United States: Wadsworth Group, 2001. 349-351. Thomas, Pierre. "McTheft?" ABC News 21 Aug. 2001. 29 Oct. 2001 .

Cigarette Litigation Essay -- essays research papers fc

Cigarette Litigation In August 1970 a leading tobacco defense attorney, David R. Hardy, wrote a confidential letter warning that indiscreet comments by industry scientists, including references to biologically active components of cigarette smoke and the search for a safer cigarette, constitute a real threat to the continued success in the defense of smoking and health litigation. The actual knowledge on the part of the defendant that smoking is generally dangerous to health, that certain ingredients are dangerous to health and should be removed, or that smoking causes a particular disease. This would not only be evidence that would substantially prove a case against the defendant company for compensatory damages, but could be considered as evidence of willfulness or recklessness sufficient to support a claim for punitive damages. As the evidence about the health hazards of smoking accumulated, and especially after the 1964 surgeon general's report, liability protection. The cigarette companies continued to aim propaganda about the smoking and health controversy at the general public. The Cigarette Papers describes plans in 1969 for a public relations campaign intended to set aside in the minds of millions the false conviction that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases. As late as 1985, R.J. Reynolds ran misleading ads suggesting that a large epidemiological study had not found evidence of a link between smoking and heart disease. The tobacco companies have always feared that one successful suit would lead to a flood of litigation, sweeping the industry away. Nowadays that fear seems more realistic than ever, given the hundreds of pending state lawsuits, secondhand smoke claims, class actions, and cases filed by individual smokers. The case started when two small-town Mississippi lawyers declared war on Tobacco Companies and skillfully pursued a daring new litigation strategy that ultimately brought the industry to the negotiating table. For forty years tobacco companies had won every lawsuit brought against them and never paid out a dime. In 1997 that all changed. The industry agreed to a historic deal to pay $368 billion in health-related damages and tear down billboard advertisements. Mississippi's Attorney General Mike Moore joined forces with his classmate attorney Dick Scruggs and sued tobacco companies on behalf of the state's t... ...ials01.htm Lawyers in Early Tobacco Suits to Get $8 Billion: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpass-archives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1998arcDOC109434&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1998arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Companies' Cost Would Be Great, But So Is Their Outlook for Profit: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpassarchives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1997arcDOC47100&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1997arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Philip Morris Admits Evidence Shows Smoking Causes Cancer: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpass-archives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1999arcDOC84540&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1999arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Senate Approves Limiting Fees Lawyers Get in Tobacco Cases: New York Raising Tax on Cigarettes To Help Uninsured: http://nytimes.qpass.com/qpass-archives/fastweb?QProd=19&QIID=1999arcDOC104461&NYTID=&Srch=state_id=1+view=!view!+docid=!doc!+docdb=1999arc+dbname=!db!+TemplateName=doc.tmpl Inside The Tobacco Deal: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/etc/synopsis.html Actual Knowledge: http://reason.com/9612/bk.jacob.shtml

Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics Essay

Over the past centuries, many religious beliefs have been criticized by many philosophers and critics. Christian faith has never been saved from these criticisms. In fact it has received one of the major blows of disparagement. This criticism of the Christian faith has caused damage to the Christian believers. Due to the criticism of Christianity, Christian believers were also criticized and were questioned by their fellow human beings. And because of these, Christian believers were caught unaware and did not know what to do. Furthermore, this also caused believers to have weak faith in Christianity. There were even others who lost their faith because of these attacks. Due to a lot of criticisms, it was seen by many school of thought in Christian Theology that a solution must be provided to the arising problem. According to the scholars, apologetics is the solution to the dilemma. Christian Apologetics is a branch in Christian Theology that defends the Christian faith. It tries to answer the question â€Å"is Christianity believable? †. It originated from the Greek word â€Å"apologia† which means ‘making a defense†. Attacks of the Christian faith coming from the outside of the church are mean dealt with apologetics (Philip and Cherian). Presently an integrated approach in apologetics has been developed which sees apologetics in a holistic perspective. A person who is studying or has background on Apologetics is called a Christian Apologist and can help inquirers about their question in Christianity. A Christian Apologist can teach and help the person having doubts on Christian beliefs to see and find the answers to the problems and questions that he is facing. The Apologist can also teach the inquirer the humanistic philosophy which can help them overcome their doubts and will help them find the root causes of the problem. These also give the inquirer capability to deal effectively with the questions being raised to them. The basis of Christian Apologetics could be traced back to the bible. According to Philip and Cherian, Apologetics is a biblical activity which has been advised and demonstrated in the Bible at various places. One of the example is the verse from 1 Peter 3:15 which goes â€Å"always be prepared to make a defense to any one who calls your account for that hope is in you†. Many verses in the bible give a good definition of the character of Apologetics. According to Philip and Cherian, almost all of the books of Jobs are an Apologetic to justify to God’s dealings with mean. Furthermore, they also mentioned that verses in Psalms 14 and 19are apologetic in character. Romans 1:20 is also another verse in the bible that describes the character of Apologetics. With this few examples it can be said that all activities in Apologetics is referred from the Bible. An important role of Apologetics towards the Bible is that it answers inquiry of people who have been attacked by nonbelievers. Base on the module written by Philip and Cherian entitled â€Å"Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics†, the Bible places a great deal on faith and belief, though I condemns deliberate skepticism and unbelief, it does not speak against reason and investigation. The Bible encourages the use of reason and investigation when they are done sincerely and is an aid to honest inquiry. This is where Apologists play an important role, providing answers to honest inquirers. Furthermore, Apologetics is also related to Polemics which deals with attacks originating from within the church (Philip and Cherian) which is a bit unusual. Attackers from within the church includes everyone who teach perverted doctrines which could take in two forms. The first form is in the form of distorted bible and the second is through those of false cults who claim that they are a true Christian group. Apologetics and Polemics have the same purpose, which is to refute error and to establish truth in Christianity (Philip and Cherian) though they are two different activities. However, with the various forms of attacks that the Christian Church has undergone and undergoing, both polemics and apologetics has to know hw counter all the forms of attack which means that if you’re an Apologetic you should have knowledge on Polemics and vice versa. In this way, the person is well prepared for the things that will come his way. Attacks of the word of God are no just recent. Apologetics has its roots in the Bible. The Old and New Testament gives enough evidence of this (Philip and Cherian). The attacks can be rooted back to the Old Testament. It can be noticed that during the old times many people have already questioned the existence of God which had form doubts on the Christian Church and has never ceased up to the present date. Thus, from then on Apologetics has been part of history. During those days, it is the Jewish Fathers and leaders that have to face so much opposition from non-believers. The non-believers published a lot of written works to question and discard the Christian faith. At this point also, the Jewish fathers and Leader also wrote some books to counter the attacks and one famous apologetic works is Contro Apion which was written by the first century army officer and historian name Flavious Josephus (Philip and Cherian). During the rise of the New Testament, the attacks to Christian faith were a little different compared to the Old Testament. The attacks to the Christian faith were a lot faster because of the new technological advancements on this time. Aside from the advancements, Philip and Cherian stated that during this time the availability of the New Testament itself cause the rise of many critics, heretics and heretical movements. However, this was countered by the authors of the New Testament. Majority of the readings in the New Testament is an opposition to scornful people and heretics that distrust biblical truths. To make the truth heard, the writers of the New Testament wrote extensively to expose errors abut the attacks that has been made (Philip and Cherian). The existence of the New Testament has caused more damage to the Christian faith since the teaching found in the New Testament were in contrary to the beliefs of the heretics, criticizers and rebel Christians (Philip and Cherian). In addition, the New Testament insists of Bible alone, Christ Alone, Grace Alone, and faith alone which further provoked the doubtful believers. These non believers were also afraid that Christianity would spread very fast that they tried to stop it by destroying or saying things against the Bible, Jesus Christ and Christianity. However, this has not shaken Christian Apologist at that time, instead of giving in, they fought the non-believers of Christian faith by producing volumes of Christian Apologetics and Polemics. However, during the recent years, the fight of Christian Apologist became dormant when the Roman Catholic Church ruled the Christian world stiffly. The roman Catholic Chruch at this time (fourth century to the 14th century) indulged in a great struggle for ecclesiastical as well as temporal power that they tend to silenced, torture, and killed millions of dissenting people (Philip and Cherian). So instead of fighting back, Christian Apologists tend not to speak because of the life threatening situation. When the dictatorial rule of the Catholic Church was over, Christianity was rejected by many people since the didn’t understand the difference between Roman Catholic Church, the true church of Christ, and the Christ of the Bible. This was coupled with the rise of a lot of anti-Christian thinkers, philosophies and movements. A lot of anti-Christianity group arise during the 19th century and there common goal is to oppose to the Bible and to Christianity as well. They also believed that Christianity could be challenged but they haven’t got sufficient information to do so (Philip and Cherian). During this time, Charles Darwin, a scientist who proposed the Theory of Evolution for the first time in a theory of science united all the dissenting movements. This Theory of Evolution had greatly affected Theology by the end of the 19th century. Many theologians from Europe and America accepted the Theory of Evolution and convinced other theologians especially German Theologians. However, these German Theologians began to act as mercenaries and destroyed the belief in the Bible. And one of their major goals is to destroy Christianity. They published lots of books that were spread worldwide. But despite the eagerness of German Theologian to destroy Christianity, many still don’t agree with them. Many were interested in keeping both beliefs together. However, this did not give Christianity a positive light. Instead, it created more conflict especially on the creation. Defenders then of the doctrine became so few. Belief on Christianity and the Bible, was risen during the fifties were in a group started writing aggressively on themes defending the historical and scientific reliability of the Bible which gave birth to the modern interest in Apologetics and Creation (Philip and Cherian). In India, the theological situation is the same with the West. Thus, it was expected that is would turn out the same with what had happened in the West. However, there were few people who stood up against these teachings. One of the first was Prof. H. Enoch, during the 60’s he published a book entitled â€Å"Evolution or Creation† which has influenced a lot of young Indians (Philip and Cherian). During the 60’s and 70’s in India it was only Cross and Crown, a Pentecostal Magazine that publishes articles defending the history of the Bible and creation. This magazine was edited by Dr. Thomas Mathews from Udapair, Rajasthan (Philip and Cherian). In the 70’s A. K. Skariah, a secretary of the fellowship of scientist known as FOCMOS or Fellowship of Christian Men of Science, which was later called Creation Scientist Fellowship (CSFI), became a tireless campaigner for creation and Apologetics even if their organization is not functioning anymore (Philip and Cherian). Another important person in India who studied apologetics is Dr. Johnson Philip who founded a project namely Creation Research in 1970’s. The objective of his research is to publish articles about apologetics and creation. Currently, the book has more than 1500 articles and is publish in six different languages. This movement is now known as Calvin School of Apologetics and Theology (Philip and Cherian). This man also, Johnson George, born in Kerala is another person who palyed a significant role in Christian Apologetics. He has contributed writing on apologetical themes in several languages. Other people such as Dr. Ezhamkulam Samkutty, J. C. Dev, E. S. Thomas and Paul K. Ramakrishan also played a role in apologetics. Recently an apologetics organization entered India known as RZIM which was founded by Dr. Ravi Zacharias from the U. S. A. (Philip and Cherian). Through the years, apologetics has been very important in the everyday living of many people. Together with the constant change that humanty is facing, approaches used by Christian Apologetics has also been changing with time. However, certain puposes of Apologetics has never changed with time which includes: a) to refute all the accusations that are brought against the Bible and the Christian faith; b) to demonstrate that only the Bible and the Christian way of life work in the actual life and that only the Bible and Christian faith provide permanent peace and happiness; c) to remove the sincer doubts in the hearts of believers and unbelievers, so that the hindrances to the growth and establishing their faith are eliminated and; d) to provide sufficient evidence for achieving the above goals. Thus, t is necessary for the apologist to understand the difference between sufficient and total proof (Philip and Cherian). In Christian apologetics, everything is decided on the basis of proof. However, there are still people who think of it differently. There are many people who views Christian Apologetics through skepticism, Christian Rationalism, Local Christianity and through faith (Philip and Cherian). Apologetics is a fast changing and fast growing field in Christian Theology. Thus, people who want to study this field should not misunderstand its role, purpose and contributions. It should be noted that Apologetics is a â€Å"manward operations† (Philip and Cherian) which means that its main purpose is to help those who are confused and in anguished due to doubts. It does not defend the bible a though it were a helpless book. In apologetics, the bible is defended to those who have doubts about it so that they will have a clear belief about the bible. Apologetics is not there to preserve the Bible but it there to preserve the faith of the doubting believer. For this to take effect, the apologist should b able to briefly understand the aim and goals of apologetics because only a person with proper understanding of apologetics can do his job properly. It should also be taken into consideration, that though the main purpose of apologetics is to defend the Christian faith, it also has limits. One of its limit which is crucial is that it should never be use to prove that the Bible is the word of God. It can only point to the unusual character of the Bible in matters of unity, accuracy, consistency, historicity and life-changing power. At this point an apologist should take note that it’s purpose is to aid a person to see that the attacks bought up against the bible are not valid (Philip and Cherian). Another purpose of apologetics is to remove the barrier that hinders faith (Philip and Cherian). The removal of these barriers helps accepts Christian faith whole heartedly. It also helps them make deeper commitments to the church. With this, the Christian faith and church becomes stronger with believers that have a complete trust to it. In addition to the purpose of apologetics is to inform honest inquirers on how reliable the rational content of the Bible is and that the Bible is not for rationalist. However, the demands of rationalists have been a benefit to Christian apologist because it formed an excellent standard to evaluate the statements of apologists (Philip and Cherian). To help a person who wants to abandon his unbelief that has been there due to his lingering but sincere and honest doubts is another purpose of apologetics (Philip and Cherian). It is not a treatment for deliberate unbelief but it is meant to serve as a cure for sincere doubts. Apologetics is not there to prove the divinity of the Bible instead it is there to point to the uniqueness of the scriptures which places the scriptures in proper sequence (Philip and Cherian). It should also be noted that apologetics is not scientism. They are of two different schools. Scientism is the belief that ultimately everything has to be explained with the help of science which is a false belief (Philip and Cherian). It should be taken into consideration that not all things happening in this world can be explained by science. There are certain things that happen what cannot be explained by science and it in manner faith is strongly given emphasis. Moreover, studying Christian apologetics has many practical values. Studying apologetics conserves the faith of an individual which means that he is ready to face the questions that will bombard him in his everyday living. Individual who is ready for such will not be able to loose his faith because he already knows what to do to the attackers. Ability to combat a foe is also improved when one is studying or has a background in Christian apologetics. He becomes better in answering the questions of unbelievers. Aside from this he can provide believable answers to the inquirers and wile main composed in circumstances. In addition, apologetics can also aid the youth in there sincere queries about Christian faith. In this manner apologists serves as a guide to the young minds. It should also be taken into account that there are also people who are not interested in Christian apologetics. This people became uninterested in apologetics due to their misconceptions and misunderstandings of the study. These people are categorized by Philip and Cherian into six categories which are: a) those people who never had any doubts in Christian faith; b) people who never had to face questions and attacks from scornful people; c) people who have indeed faced personal doubts and external attacks but who have been running away from facing the challenge; d) people who have lost sensitivity towards the pains and problems of other and pseudo-apologists who love prestige, but who have never mastered the subject. These six categories of people do not have any sufficient evidence to object or question Christian apologetics. Most of their objections are base on their personal views on how they view the subject. They are not sincere inquirers but rather they only want to impose what they believe and think is right. They believe that the bible contains errors and are insensitive to other people. Aside from non-believers, there are also people who oppose to Christian apologetics. These people who oppose to apologetics do not agree that reason and faith should be placed in the same dominion. They believe that the human understanding is not capable in the spiritual realm. This belief is highly in contrast with the Christian approach to truth wherein one has to accept that faith and reason do mix with each other in many realms of spiritual truth (Philip and Cherian). In addition to distrust, fear of being attack or questioned about faith is another reason why people oppose to apologetics (Philip and Cherian). They are afraid to face attacks because they feel that they aer capable of doing such things. So instead of facing the problem, these people tend to run away from the problem. Ignorance is also another reason why people are opposing to Christian apologetics (Philip and Cherian). They are completely ignorant about the things that are happening that when they are faced in certain problem or situation they tend to react to things because of their ignorance. Due to the much opposition of apologetics, an apologist should be very careful in handling situations. A debate is a big no in apologetics except when the crowd is mature enough and is made up of small number of seekers (Philip and Cherian). If engage in a debate, the apologists should still be very careful and should bot deliver the debate in a form such as speaker-to-audience. Apologists should bear in mind that they should always take control of the situation they are in. Apologetics is such a very complicated topic and because of it’s complexity, many apologists tend to make compromises to patch some things that cannot be resolved. However, this kind of act is not advised by Christian apologists as it can cause more damage to the truth. Compromise is like a slow poison that attacks the Christian faith which can be more destructive than the fiercest direct attack in the Christian faith. When opposing systems are synthesized into one, it is the truth that always suffers (Philip and Cherian). In the integrated approach to Christian apologetics, the following statements are the benchmark: Bible alone, Grace alone, Faith alone, Christ alone, to God alone be Glory. Christian apologetics shall always stand in favour of truth, total truth and truth alone (Philip and Cherian). The truth will always be the truth and should always be separated from error. Reference Philip, Johnson and Cherian, Saneesh. Introduction to Integrated Christian Apologetics. A Calvin Research Group Academic Resource, Module 001A1. Retrieved on 22 January 2007.

Plastics Bags: A Devil To Be Banned

Plastics Bags- A Devil To Be Banned Plastic bags are normally given to customers by vendors when buying. It is a very convenient method for transporting goods. Moreover, it is highly popular to the customers and retailers because of its light weight. But, ultimately this much usage of the plastic bags leads to the many serious problems. Plastic bags should be banned in Canada because it have a critical environment problems, health problems and also because of its cost of production and recycling. Plastic bags should be banned because it creates very harmful environment problems.Throwing plastic bags could make the soil pollution. It also creates marine pollution. As per the research â€Å"over 13 billion plastic bags are handed to consumers each year, representing a substantial proportion of all floating marine litter (http://www. guardian. co. uk/ environment/2007/nov/13/plasticbags. pollution). Plastic bags wastes block the drainage and also it is dangerous to marine life. Every y ear thousands of seals and whales are dying because of eating plastic bags. For making a plastic bags earth’s precious natural resources are being used.Burning plastics produce much polluted gases which cause air pollution (http://debatewise. org/debates/ 1011-should-plastic-bags-be-banned/#yes9). All of this pollution in combine produces a Green House Effect. Moreover, during the production of the plastics many harmful waste chemical is produce which also contribute in the pollution and ultimately environment problems. So, plastic bags should be banned in Canada as it has dangerous environmental issues. Another, reason for banning of the plastic bags is because of its effect on the health.Air produce after burning of plastics can lead to an asthma or can worse the asthma. When a plastics break down it release many harmful chemicals and by drinking this type of water it enter into a human body and can produce a disease like diabetes, heart problems, cancer (Copperkitten). The se all health problems are serious and they cost much for treatment also. â€Å"Toxic emission produces daring an extraction of plastic bags, their manufacturing, and their transportation contribute to acid rain and smog† (Environmental Literacy Council).Moreover, some people put their foods in plastic bags for a long time and during that many toxic chemicals enter into a food and that may degrade food and also have an adverse effect on a health. Sometimes animals eat plastics bags with other food and in the body plastics not get metabolized and cause the serious problems. Many times it happen like birds eat a part of plastic bags and that stick to their neck and because of that they are unable to take a breath, and die. That’s why the usage of plastic bags should be banned in Canada due to its health risk.Production as well as recycling of plastic bags is very costly. During a production many natural sources of energy are used and that increase the production cost. Mo reover, this will leads to a decrease of these types of an energy sources. The price of oil used to produce petrochemicals for making recycled plastics is so high (Miller, 2005). One could drive their car for a few meters in production cost of one plastic bag. Also, the plastics are non-biodegradable so recycling is very complicated and it will cost too much money.After the recycling another big problems is of removal of the waste. Overall, production and recycling of plastics bags affect the economy of the country. For recycling there are a separate bins required to put in each street and also special vehicles are required for collection of that bins, and these all ultimately increase a cost of recycling. For a disposal of non-biodegradable plastic bags separate farmyard is required and day by day more and more space required storing plastic wastes. Therefore, it is better to ban a usage of plastic bags and it must be banned.Some people give a counter argument that plastic bags sho uld not be banned in Canada. They give a reason like plastic bags are convenient, cheaper and also not harm the environment too much. Some says, it is better to add a tax on production and usage of plastic bags than banning it. But it is not necessary that all convenient things are good for environment and economy. Moreover, the plastics are never degraded into a harmless ingredient, it always produce a toxic substances. Another way to reduce the environmental problems is to use a bio degradable plastics bags.But, the production cost is too high for making bio degradable plastics bags. Some says to reduce the use of plastics bags rather than banning it. But, nobody can control the usage of plastics if it is not banned. And it is proven that the plastic leads to critical environmental problems. It also reduces the other sources of energy and that will affects lot in future. And there is no need to use plastic bags as paper bags already available at the same cost in a market. Also, su ch types of paper bags are bio degradable as well as safe for a environment.So, plastic bags must be banned in Canada. In a nut shell, due to the high risk associated with the usage of plastic bags, it should be banned in Canada. Nobody have a right to damage a environment of a earth. So for a environment and for other living creatures usage of plastic bags must be stop and that is only possible by banning of a usage as well as production. In such types of issues awareness is not much useful. Government must have to take a firm steps for it. And, banning of plastic bags is only a solution.Work cited Copperkitten: Sustainable Living, June 2010 http://copperkitten. wordpress. com/2010/06/22/the-health-hazards-of-plastic-bags/ Environmental Literacy Council. 2005. â€Å"Paper or Plastic? † November 20, 2005. http://www. enviroliteracy. org/article. php/1268. html Miller, G. T. 2005. Sustaining the Earth: An Integrated Approach. Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. http://www. guardian. co. uk/ environment/2007/nov/13/plasticbags. pollution http://debatewise. org/debates/ 1011-should-plastic-bags-be-banned/#yes9

A personalised induction is important

A personalized Induction will always be more effective August 2014 Word count: For this essay I have been asked to look at and discuss why or why not a personalized Induction Is more effective. For this I have looked at what was learnt In class, the theoretical concepts & techniques. I have also looked at historical and modern hypnotherapies views on inductions. Personally I believe that a personalized Induction Is a vital part of giving the most effective treatment that Is based on the Individuals own needs for reason that are explained In this assignment.This essay ill argue but evidence that a personalized induction is more successful in benefiting your client and in offering a more successful treatment unless in a group setting. With a group setting you are not making the client feel important or are catering for that Individuals needs. Every human being Is different, therefore we need to take into account likes/dislikes, values and perspectives along with their cultural backgrou nds, religions and beliefs to achieve the best results possible.Much of the way that human beings communicate with each other is in ways other Han the spoken word; body language, facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice and so on make up some of the non verbal ways of getting information across. In contrast to this during hypnosis the therapist has very few of the above techniques available; the client would usually have their eyes shut and so non verbal communications are not possible; It is solely about the voice, the words used and how they are used, Including the tone of the practitioners voice.Many people coming for treatment for the first time have their own beliefs, many people still believe that you are put into an unconscious state and many individuals still think of stage hypnosis. With these beliefs and anxieties, It Is important to build a trusting relationship and a good rapport with your client prior to any treatment to allay any fears and anxieties they may have.Al ways remember to enquire about the medical history with regards to mental health issues – depression – epilepsy – high blood pressure – the elderly or By completing a thorough professional introduction, assessment and induction in a comfortable setting you are reassuring your client that you know what you are doing and that. They can then believe in you and feel more comfortable. It is also beneficial to give the client information on hypnotherapy, its background and the process.You should be informing the client that you are not making them do anything, that they are fully in control at all times and by using the power of their subconscious mind the results are of their own making. We are only giving them the tools to enable those results. By this time your client should be feeling more comfortable and relaxed. Once your client is fully informed you can then look to provide a service that is tailor dad for that individual, ensuring the best possible outc ome for them.Background information is important at the assessment stage, finding out about things they like or dislike can have a huge impact on the treatment and can also be introduced into their induction. For example if a person has a fear of heights then you would not suggest them sitting on a big white fluffy cloud high up in the bright blue sky, whereas if your client likes something or has a good memory it would be good to introduce this into the induction. This memory could be of a place they have visited lone or with others or even a color that makes them feel good.Body language plays a huge part in communicating with others but the therapist needs to remember that body language is not possible in hypnotherapy as your clients eyes are normally closed. Using and controlling your voice is therefore vital, you can do this by speaking clearly, altering your tone and pace and emphasizing words. If we look at historical hypnotherapies there is evidence there to say that a person alized induction is important to your clients successful treatment.Dave Leman was born in 1900, he was ware of hypnosis due to his father's interest in the subject, when Dave was 8 yr old his father was diagnosed with cancer. Dive's father enlisted the help of a friend and received hypnosis for pain relief during his illness, Dave saw that this benefited his father greatly and became interested in this form of treatment. After his father's death Dave began using hypnosis as part of stage shows, in one show where he had to go solo as his colleague did not attend a group of doctors were watching in the audience.They later asked Dave to teach them, from this day forward Dave taught hypnosis until his death aged 67. If we look at Erikson he said † I think it is tremendously important that you observe everything that is possible and then if you want to use hypnosis you know how to verbalism your suggestions to influence your patient to elicit their response. [1] Erickson [2] recogn ized that every individual is different so they should all be treated as such. Yet Clark Hull [3] that he did not consider it important to involve his clients in their therapy, he neither believed the existence of a special state (trance) during hypnosis.By thoroughly assessing your linen and using the assessment tools provided in class you will know which approach is best for your client, you will also know their goals and what results they want to achieve. At the assessment stage you should be observing your clients color of clothing, their breathing and their lateral eye movement. This will all assist you in choosing the right creed for your client. In class we discussed the different approaches that can be used in hypnotherapy treatment, we learn about the assessment will benefit from the authoritarian screed, others will benefit from the remissive.The Authoritarian approach: this is where you would tell or direct your client in a firmer manner. The screeds will be logical, givi ng no choices, only directions. Authoritarian style can seem a little harsh to some but can be very effective if done correctly. For example you would introduce the following into the authoritarian screed: I want you to shut your eyes now, make yourself comfortable, using your powerful subconscious, you are fully in control etc. Freud used the authoritarian approach but found resistance from clients, Clients ignored certain memories so therapy was not so successful.There is also the submissive approach where you are making it more of a suggestion in a softer tone. The submissive approach is gentle and gives the client choices. The client that prefers this approach is much more open to using their imagination; this approach makes them feel safe and able to enhance the experience for them. The permissive style is nurturing and caring Examples for the submissive approach would be: You make feel your eyes growing heavy, you might like to close your eyes, you may want to make yourself mo re comfortable. The client feels in control and much more relaxed.In class we also looked at assessing the clients Modality and their lateral eye movements. Modalities refers to the way in which our brain processes the information that it receives; which of our senses are the most prominent, dictating which type of modality we lean towards most. We also looked at lateral eye movements. Lateral eye movements came about after studies conducted in the sass's by Paul Began, a psychologist. It was his belief that different types of thinking would elicit different eye movements. These are tot set in stone as they can differ with a small portion of individuals who may opposite handed.With the modalities there are five but in hypnotherapy we only use three: Auditory, Visual and Kinesthesia. Kinesthesia is about feeling, internal emotions and external as in touching/feeling. A kinesthesia would feel the fabric or pick up on someone's feelings quite easily. You would introduce words such as w arm, solid, gentle etc. Their lateral eye movements would be down to the right. Posture would be rounded shoulders, relaxed and breathing deeply. Nina screed you would introduce words like smooth, warm, solid, touch etc.Auditory is about listening and sounds, these people love to chat. They listen to sounds that may include music and speech but will also imagine sounds. When an auditory person talks it almost sounds melodic. They are also very sensitive to sounds and noise. In their screeds you would introduce words such as imagine, look, watch etc. Their lateral eye movements would be straight ahead as if staring into space if defocus, if they are forming images in their mind then they would be up to the right and if remembering images then they loud be looking to the left.Auditory Often tilt their head to one side and at times will have rhythmic body movements. Visual is about seeing, these people are creative and can use their imagination far easier. These people love to daydream and fantasies. They can visual color, patterns and shapes in their mind. With this modality you would use words such as loud, listen and hear etc. Their lateral eye movements would be to the right if constructing sounds but if remembering sounds then they would be to the left. Visual people have a less relaxed body stance and ore often than not of a slighter build.By assessing which modality a person is you comfortable and relaxed. You can then introduce the other modalities into the session but it is good to start with the modality they are more in tune with. I have practiced both personalized and non personalized inductions and my findings have been a definite yes to the personalized induction process. I currently work in the prison service as a specialist drug worker, I am extremely lucky that I have sixty clients that I work closely with. I have had the opportunity to try both approaches on.With the personalized induction completed on Clients that I have spent the effort with t o build up a rapport and trust with I have explained the process thoroughly and given them the best treatment suited to their personality and their needs. They have given me feedback, they report to never having experienced the feeling of such relaxation and contentment and did not want it to end. They also reported to have slept better and woken up feeling refreshed the following morning. They have requested further sessions and feel that they are greatly benefiting from it, bearing n mind that I work with prolific substance users I cannot be happier.