Broken Window Theory

Broken Window Theory Free Online Research Papers Fixing Broken Windows was written by George L. Kelling and Catherine M. Coles to explain the â€Å"Broken Windows† theory created by George L. Kelling and James Q. Wilson. The â€Å"Broken Windows† theory states that if a window breaks in an abandoned building in a neighborhood and it is not fixed, then more windows will be broken and graffiti will occur. In turn, this will make honest people afraid to leave their homes, and only the mischievous people who want to cause trouble will be out on the streets reeking havoc. Thus producing crime. Fixing Broken Windows offers a very desiccated but persuasive look at how to reform the modern criminal justice system by looking at three different aspects: the rise of crime rates in the middle of the 1960’s; the fact that the police are in a reactive role; and how the â€Å"broken windows† theory actually works. The authors state that in the middle of the 1960’s the connection between fear and disorder was recognized. People felt that they had fewer defenses against crime. Rather than moving out of the neighborhoods, citizens purchased guns, knives, and animals to protect them from criminals. Decline and decay increased in many cities. Riots made people focus on disorder. People feared going to parks because they had become threatening places. Americans whites and blacks fled the inner city for the suburbs. The ones that did not purchase weapons or animals locked themselves in their homes and only left when absolutely necessary. People became frightened because the violent crime rates had more than tripled. There was an increase in conviction rates for males ages seventeen through twenty-one, found guilty of criminal acts. Also, the 60’s brought on a greater tolerance for new ideas, equal rights issues and individual expression. However, in the 60s there was a national econom ic decline that caused unemployment and resentment among many of the citizens throughout the country. In addition to these factors, there was the greater visibility of youth and youth permissiveness. Also, there was less censored media. More women began working outside the home. Divorce rates grew which caused more broken homes then before. The atmosphere of the 60s was one of vibrant nightlife. The country had recovered from the war and the 60s was a prosperous time for America. The authors also state that the police are now in a reactive role. This means that they respond to crime, rather than preventing it. Police officers stopped foot patrol and began responding to 911 calls. Many people advocate the restoration of foot patrol for all areas. Foot patrolling is called community policing and consists of two elements community partnership and problem solving. The police must increase positive relationships with citizens to improve crime control and prevention. To be successful, community-policing programs must operate on a neighborhood scale, finding solutions to neighborhood problems. Successful programs recognize that something, which works well in one neighborhood, may be totally inappropriate for another. Problems must be identified and solutions developed one neighborhood at a time. Community Policing does not propose that we stop fighting crime and disorder, but that officers employ new and innovative strategies. We must become pro-active in preventi ve rather than reactive. Enforcement is very much a part of the concept. Officers are encouraged to give warnings whenever possible; however, they are still required to make traffic stops and arrests. There is still an emphasis on drunken driving, drugs and juvenile crime. The community should not have the mistaken perception that all enforcement has stopped just because the officers are being friendly. Simply put, the â€Å"Broken Windows says that if something is not stopped while it is small, then it will grow and grow until it is out of control. The theory is actually a combination of several aspects. First, the community is responsible for the crime rate. The citizens are to try to prevent crime in their individual neighborhoods and thus will protect society. Secondly, the police officers need to be more proactive in preventing crime. The police officers need to get out and do the hard work of foot patrolling and community policing. Thirdly, it is a metaphor used to show how people can become involved in the criminal justice system. To effectively protect society from fear and disorder, police officers, communities, and the criminal justice system must all work together, to reduce and ultimately eliminate fear and disorder. Fixing Broken Windows does give a persuasive account of how to fix the modern problems in our communities concerning crime. I do agree with the authors when they say that a majority of the fear and disorder comes from the reactive roles of the police officers. If they were out on foot patrol, crime would be reduced. I also think that the communities themselves need to be more proactive when it comes to crime. Parents need to control their children and protect their neighbor hoods. I do think that all communities should enforce the â€Å"Broken Windows† theory; they would see a dramatic drop in their crime rates and not just their reported crime rates. I would advise anyone concerned with the crime rate in their community to read Fixing Broken Windows; Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in Our Communities by George M. Kelling and Catherine M. Coles. 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The Theodosian Code - Laws of the Middle Ages

The Theodosian Code - Laws of the Middle Ages The Theodosian Code (in Latin, Codex Theodosianus) was a compilation of Roman Law authorized by Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II in the fifth century. The code was intended to streamline and organize the complicated body of imperial laws promulgated since the reign of Emperor Constantine in 312 C.E., but it included laws from much further back, as well. The code was formally begun on March 26, 429, and it was introduced on February 15, 438. Codex Gregorianus and Codex Hermogenianus In large part, the Theodosian Code was based on two previous compilations: the Codex Gregorianus (the Gregorian Code) and the Codex Hermogenianus (the Hermogenian Code). The Gregorian Code had been compiled by the Roman jurist Gregorius earlier in the fifth century and contained laws from Emperor Hadrian, who reigned from 117 to 138 C.E., down to those of Emperor Constantine. The Hermogenian Code The Hermogenian Code had been written by Hermogenes, another fifth-century jurist, to supplement the Gregorian Code, and it focused primarily on the laws of the emperors Diocletian (284–305) and Maximian (285–305). Future law codes would, in turn, be based on the Theodosian Code, most notably the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian. While Justinians code would be the core of Byzantine law for centuries to come, it wasnt until the 12th century that it began to have an impact on western European law. In the intervening centuries, it was the Theodosian Code that would be the most authoritative form of Roman law in western Europe. The publication of the Theodosian Code and its rapid acceptance and persistence in the west demonstrates the continuity of Roman law from the ancient era into the Middle Ages. The Foundation of Intolerance in Christendom The Theodosian Code is particularly significant in the history of the Christian religion. Not only does the code include among its contents a law that made Christianity the official religion of the Empire, but it also included one that made all other religions illegal. While clearly more than a single law or even a single legal subject, the Theodosian Code is most famous for this aspect of its contents and is frequently pointed to as the foundation of intolerance in Christendom. Also Known As: Codex Theodosianus in LatinCommon Misspellings: Theodosion CodeExamples: A great many earlier laws are contained in the compilation known as the Theodosian Code.

THE CAUSES OF CRIME ARE REALLY IRRELEVANT AS FAR AS SITUATIONAL Essay

THE CAUSES OF CRIME ARE REALLY IRRELEVANT AS FAR AS SITUATIONAL REMEDIES ARE CONCERNED - DISCUSS - Essay Example In spite of this definition, some people persist in their behavior and thus commit crimes; the political society reacts by punishment, treatment or prevention.1 The hallmark of criminality is that, it is a breach of the criminal law. Lord Atkin in Proprietary Articles Trade Association v. A-G- for Canada2 stated that â€Å"the criminal quality of an act cannot be discerned by intuition; nor can it be discovered by reference to any standard but one; is the act prohibited with penal consequences?† Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminals vis-à  -vis society. To know more about crimes they have to be measured and recorded. Measuring crime and Criminal Behavior is one of the most important functions of criminology. The availability and computing of crime statistics is a vital component of law enforcement. Crime statistics provide us with important facts that theories must then explain. Measuring crime and finding the crime rate is essential to discover the root causes of crime. The who, when, where, how of crimes is addressed by the quantitative techniques of measuring crime and which are vital in answering the why of crimes. Measuring criminal behavior is not just an academic exercise in futility, for it can fruitfully be used in evaluating criminal justice policy initiatives, policing, judicial and correctional administration amongst various other uses. The classicists4 believed that criminal behavior was a function of the human ability to choose an individual course of action. This school was based on hedonistic psychology. According to this psychology, man governs his behavior by considerations of pleasures and pains; the pleasures anticipated from a particular act may be balanced against the pains anticipated from the same act, or the algebraic sum of pleasure and pains from another act. The actor was assumed to have a free will and to make his choice

SWOT Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

SWOT Analysis - Essay Example The strengths and weaknesses define the internal environment while the opportunities and threats represent the external environment to a business (Ferrell & Hartline, 2011). Managers should analyze all their internal positive characteristics of their organization with an aim of exploiting them. These attributes represent the strengths of such an organization and the analysis helps in indentifying the extent to which these factors can be utilized. The strengths include the resources at the firm’s disposal that ensure all the business practices run smoothly (Ferrell & Hartline, 2011). In addition, the positive characteristics are considered as strengths from their capability to sustain the organization’s competitive advantage and the positive aspects of the human resource. The managers should focus on these attributes in order to add value to the business operations. These organization’s strengths are within the management’s control. The weaknesses represent the factors that work toward minimizing the capacity to add value through an organization’s operations. Consequently, these factors reduce the expected value of an organizations operations and leads to a decrease in their competitive advantage in the markets. Such weaknesses include inability to utilize the existing resources maximally, poor quality services and poor positioning in the market. These factors are also within the management’s control (Ferrell & Hartline, 2011). Opportunities are aspects of the external environment to an organization. They symbolize the incentives for the existence and the possible progress of business operations in the market. These incentives present an opening to advance business practices and improve the current benefits. They also offer a chance for growth and development of activities that add value to the organizations and its stakeholders (Ferrell & Hartline, 2011). These opportunities also lead to

International accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

International accounting - Essay Example In the outcome of the economic and financial crisis that started in â€Å"1997† 2the government took detention of an important part of private sector resources through achievement of corporate assets and nonperforming bank loans during the debt reform process. Since â€Å"1999† 3 the financial system has improved to over 4 to 6 percentage in recent years. The main products of FajarPaper include Fajar Duplex, Fajar Medium and Fajar Liner. Fajar Duplex is covered Duplex Board with Grey bottom and white top layers. It is mainly used for light-weight covering material which needs high class printing. Fajar Liner is brown packaging paper for the surface layer of ridged sheet; it gives useful safety for content and a soft surface for high class printing. Fajar Medium is high class fluting paper it used in the building of carton boxes. â€Å"Its superb characteristics provide good protection during transportation and for use in display stack.† 4 The products of the companies are used in various industries for example household goods and personal care, beverages and foods, toys, electronics, automotive, footwear and others, serving big worldwide firms. The main competitors are Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper, West Java Pakerin and East Java. The suppliers of the products locally and also transferred to other Asian countries, Middle East and Australia. According to the opinion of Deloitte, the associated financial statements current fairly, in every material respects, the financial position of the firm and of the Group as at 31 December 2012, and their cash flows and economic performance for the year then ended in reference to the International Financial Reporting Standards. Financial statement (FS) is an official record of the economic activities of a person, business etc. it gives the information of economic position and performance. FS mainly includes balance sheet,

Mergers And Acquisitions Within The Aviation Sector Dissertation

Mergers And Acquisitions Within The Aviation Sector - Dissertation Example Using a case study approach, the study recruited human participants with direct managerial experience at Air France-KLM and found that human capital advantages were the primary advantages achieved by this merged firm. Followed in order of priority were revenue growth, improved customer loyalties, the ability to utilize price discrimination strategies and superior competitive power. The findings uncovered no detriments of the merger and concluded that Air France-KLM sought the proper strategic direction when deciding to merge both companies. A merger encompasses the blending of two different companies that operate under a single umbrella identity. Merged organizations perform trade of their business operations under a singular name and share both profits and potential losses that originate from the newly merged business. It has been recognized that the aviation sector is one of the most fundamental supports of businesses throughout the world (Bell 2010) Approximately half of all global businesses utilize the aviation industry for travel and for transport services. As a result, companies in this sector put much time and effort into perfecting their business operations by consolidating advantages through processes such as acquisitions and mergers. In most industries, the majority of mergers fail. Porter (1987) offers that most mergers and acquisitions lead to failure as a result of poor performance and inability to establish strategies that productively sustain the new business model formed by the blending of two companies. However, many corporate Board members and top-level executives seek mergers as a means to improve their business. Mergers are expected to produce synergies and provide greater financial benefits since the consolidation of two different businesses will theoretically improve business efficiencies and enhance competitiveness in an  established competitive market.

Economics Indicator Paper and Graph Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics Indicator Paper and Graph - Essay Example From the diagram above it is clear that the number of houses have increased from the 1940 until it reached a peak in the 1970, from the 1970 to day to the number of houses built has declined over the years. From the above diagram it is clear that interest rates have declines from 1999 until 2004 where interest rates have risen to date, interest rates are the cost of borrowing funds and therefore with the increase in interest rates means that les houses are built or the demand for houses has declined as the cost of funds increase with interest rates. Keynes emphasised the importance of the level of interest rates on investment levels, according to Keynes when interest rates were high then the level of cost of funds was high and the level of investment would be low, if interest rates declined then the level of investment would rise, therefore according to Keynes the interest rate investment relationship can be simplified in the following graph. The classical theorist also recognise the importance of interest rates in the determination of the investment levels, however classical theorist also show the importance of the interest rates as a tool used by the government to fine tune the economy of a country, the interest rates are increased to reduce money supply in the economy in order to avoid inflation. The housing industry is more at home with the classical theories, classical theorist were referred to as classical theorist because any economic theory developed after them have borrowed a leaf from them, they are also referred to as classical because of their unquestionable explanation of economics and because they brought order into economic enquiry. The construction industry in California therefore has been affected by interest rates, interest rates affect the level of investment, when the interest rates affect the investment level then they affect the supply side, further the interest rates also